For example, multiple operational definitions have been used to assess education ( Smith, 1995), political ideology ( Knight, 1999), religiosity and religious fundamentalism ( Hall et al., 2008 Kellstedt and Smidt, 1996), and race and ethnicity ( NRC, 2004 Stephan and Stephan, 2000). Many social, cultural, and behavioral phenomena pose measurement challenges to researchers. Operationally Defining and Measuring Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
